612 Modelling the TeV source 1ES 1959+650 during flaring period in 2002 using hadronic model

Active galactic nuclei (AGN) and the accompanying jets are candidates for the engine of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, gamma rays, and neutrinos. In 2017, IceCube observed an extragalactic high-energy neutrino event with a strong hint of a directional coincidence with the position of a known jetted AGN TXS0506+056. A deep understanding of the processes related to jets will fuel the field of high-energy cosmic rays, fundamental plasma, astro, and particle physics. However, an AGN jet’s physical and mathematical modelling is chal- lenging, with ambiguous signatures that need to be understood by numerical simulations of cosmic-ray transport and interactions. In this context, we propose a theoretical lab project, in which another possible neutrino emitting blazar, 1ES 1959+650, is to be modelled by the students. Particularly interesting for multi-messenger modelling is a flare of 1ES 1959+650 in 2002. The source showed no X-Ray counterpart to a TeV photon flare measured by the Whipple IACT - a so-called orphan-flare - which strongly hints to a hadronic origin of the flare. The goals of this project is to examine the temporal structure of exisiting blazars, develop an ansatz to estimate neutrino and photon fluxes theoretically, as well as numerically. The simulations will be made with a modified version of CRPropa 3.2 for hadronic constituents and their interactions inside a plasmoid boosted along the AGN jet axis. Consequently, the framework is able to and should be utilised by the students to investigate the impact of spacetime-dependent photonic and hadronic target fields on hadronic interactions inside AGN jets and plasmoids. Consequently, the results shall be discussed in the context of multi- messenger astrophysics with predictive arguments and will ultimately yield in a thorough foundation for the students in understanding the physics and geometry of AGN jets.